English words: fluidizer to fluorogold
300 English words, part 48 of 85 of the words starting with F, A to Z. 28 have a page of their own.
English words fluidizer to fluorogold
- fluidizer noun: A device that fluidizes.
- fluidless adjective: Without fluid.
- fluidlike adjective: Resembling a fluid.
- fluidly adverb: In a fluid manner; smoothly.
- fluidness noun: The quality of being fluid.
- fluidodynamics noun: Alternative spelling of fluid dynamics.
- fluidotherapy noun: A therapy that uses a stream of warm, dry air
- fluidous adjective /ˈfluːɪdəs/: Like or relating to fluid or liquid; fluidic.
- fluidrachm noun: Alternative form of fluidram.
- fluidram noun /ˈfluː.ɪˌdɹæm/: The dram (unit of volume).
- fluidynamic adjective: Relating to fluidynamics.
- fluidynamics noun: Alternative form of fluid dynamics.
- fluigram noun: A cubic centimetre.
- fluindione noun: A vitamin K antagonist.
- fluish adjective: Characteristic of influenza; flulike.
- fluishness noun: The quality of being fluish.
- fluitant adjective: Floating.
- flukan noun: Alternative form of flucan.
- fluke noun, verb /fluːk/: A lucky or improbable occurrence that could probably never be repeated.
- fluke out verb: To lose or fail due to a fluke; to deserve to win or succeed but instead lose due to a fluke, especially a last-minute or unpredictable fluke.
- fluke up verb: To mess up; to blunder; to fail.
- fluked adjective, verb: Having flukes.
- flukeless adjective: Without a fluke.
- flukelike adjective: Resembling or characteristic of a fluke (worm).
- Fluker proper noun: A surname.
- flukeworm noun: Any usually parasitic worm in the class Trematoda.
- flukey adjective /ˈfluːki/: Lucky.
- flukicidal adjective: Killing fluke worms.
- flukicide noun: Any substance that kills fluke worms.
- flukily adverb: In a fluky way; with unexpected luck.
- flukiness noun: The property of being fluky.
- flukish adjective: Like a fluke; remarkably fortunate or improbable.
- flukishly adverb: In a flukish way or manner.
- flukishness noun: The state or quality of being flukish; the state of remarkable fortune or improbability.
- fluky adjective: Alternative spelling of flukey.
- flulike adjective /ˈfluːlʌɪk/: Resembling or characteristic of influenza.
- flumadiddle noun: Alternative form of flummadiddle.
- flumatinib noun: The kinase inhibitor 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-N-[6-methyl-5-[(4-pyridin-3-ylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino]pyridin-3-yl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide
- flumazenil noun /fluˈmæz.əˌnɪl/: A benzodiazepine antagonist used to counter drowsiness caused by benzodiazepines.
- flumazepil noun: Alternative form of flumazenil.
- flumdiddle noun: Alternative form of flummadiddle.
- flume noun, verb /fluːm/: A ravine or gorge, usually one with water running through.
- flumedroxone noun: A corticosteroid derivative used to treat migraine.
- flumen noun: In planetary geology, any of the river-like features on Saturn's moon Titan.
- flumequine noun: A particular fluoroquinolone antibiotic
- flumetasone noun: A corticosteroid.
- flumethasone noun: Alternative form of flumetasone.
- flumethiazide noun: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
- flumethrin noun: A particular pyrethroid insecticide used in veterinary medicine
- flumetover noun: A particular fungicide.
- flumetsulam noun: The sulfonamide herbicide N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-5-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide
- flumexine noun: Synonym of flunixin.
- fluminal adjective: Relating to a stream; fluvial.
- fluminorex noun: A sympathomimetic drug originally developed as an appetite suppressant.
- fluminous adjective /ˈfluːmɪnəs/: flowing, fluent (of rivers)
- flumioxazin noun: The herbicide N-(7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-4-prop-2-ynyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)cyclohex-1-ene-1,2-dicarboxamide.
- flumizole noun: An anti-inflammatory drug.
- flummadiddle noun: A baked main course pudding consisting of stale bread, pork fat, molasses, and spices including cinnamon and allspice. It was a part of early American...
- flummerdiddle noun: Alternative form of flummadiddle.
- flummery interjection, noun /ˈflʌməɹi/: A custard; any of several bland, gelatinous foodstuffs, usually made from stewed fruit and thickened with oatmeal, cornstarch or flour.
- flummox verb /ˈflʌməks/: To confuse; to fluster; to flabbergast.
- flummoxable adjective: Capable or able to be flummoxed.
- flummoxed adjective, verb: Confused, perplexed or flustered.
- flummoxer noun: One who or that which flummoxes or baffles; a puzzler.
- flummoxery noun: An act or practice of flummoxing.
- flummoxing adjective, verb: Confusing, flustering, flabbergasting.
- flummoxy adjective: flummoxed
- flummydiddle noun: Alternative form of flummadiddle.
- flumorph noun: A particular fungicide.
- flump interjection, noun, verb /flʌmp/: A sound of something moving or falling heavily, or with a dull sound.
- flump down verb: To lie or fall down in a tired manner
- flumpence noun: A derisory amount of money
- flumpet noun: A musical instrument that blends qualities of the trumpet and flugelhorn.
- flumpf interjection, noun, verb: Alternative form of flump.
- flunami noun: An extreme influenza outbreak.
- flunarizine noun: A calcium channel blocker.
- flunge noun, verb /flʌnd͡ʒ/: A method of attack with a sword (sabre), propelled from the front foot, like a flèche, but also landing on the front foot, like a lunge.
- flunisolide noun: A corticosteroid often used to treat allergic rhinitis.
- flunitrazepam noun /ˌflu.nəˈtɹæz.əˌpæm/: A short-acting benzodiazepine derivative with relatively long-lasting sedative effects, used as a hypnotic and as a premedication for anesthesia;...
- flunixin noun /fluːˈnɪksɪn/: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, analgesic, and antipyretic used in horses.
- flunixine noun: Alternative form of flunixin.
- flunk verb /flʌŋk/: Of a student, to fail a class; to not pass.
- flunk out verb: To fail to finish school, or a given subject, program or course, due to academic shortcomings; i.e., to have too many flunking or failing grades (marks).
- flunkee noun: One who flunks an academic course.
- flunker noun: Someone who has flunked: failed in an examination, been kept back to repeat a grade, or flunked out of school.
- flunkey noun /ˈflʌŋki/: An underling; a liveried servant or a footman; servant, retainer – a person working in the service of another (especially in the household).
- flunkeydom noun: The state of a being a flunkey
- flunkeyhood noun: The role or status of a flunkey.
- flunkeyish adjective: Alternative form of flunkyish.
- flunkeyism noun: Alternative form of flunkyism.
- flunkeyistic adjective: Alternative form of flunkyistic.
- flunkie noun: Alternative form of flunkey.
- flunkout noun: Someone who has given up an educational course.
- flunky noun: A person who always agrees with their superior or employer.
- flunkydom noun: The state of being a flunkey.
- flunkyhood noun: Alternative form of flunkeyhood.
- flunkyish adjective: Like a flunky.
- flunkyism noun: The state of being a flunkey
- flunkyistic adjective: Of or relating to flunkyism.
- flunoprost noun: A prostaglandin analogue.
- flunoxaprofen noun /fluˌnɒksəˈpɹəʊfən/: A certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
- fluo- prefix: Synonym of fluoro-
- fluoborate noun: A salt of fluoboric acid; a fluoboride.
- fluoboric acid noun: fluoroboric acid
- fluoboride noun: Any borofluoride.
- fluoborite noun: A hexagonal-dipyramidal mineral containing boron, fluorine, hydrogen, magnesium, and oxygen.
- fluocerite noun: A cerium fluoride mineral found in Sweden.
- fluocinolone noun: A synthetic hydrocortisone derivative used in dermatology to reduce skin inflammation and relieve itching.
- fluocinonide noun: A potent glucocorticoid steroid used topically as anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of skin disorders.
- fluocollophanite noun: Synonym of apatite.
- fluocortin noun: A corticosteroid.
- fluocortolone noun: A glucocorticoid.
- fluocytometry noun: fluorescence cytometry
- fluogermanate noun: Any derivative of a germanate in which one or more oxygen atoms have been replaced by fluorine
- fluohydric adjective: hydrofluoric
- fluometuron noun: A particular phenylurea herbicide.
- fluonomist noun: A chimney sweep who used vacuum-cleaning technology.
- fluophosphate noun: fluorophosphate
- fluopicolide noun: A particular fungicide.
- fluor noun, prefix /fluɔɹ/: Alternative form of fluoro- used before a vowel.
- fluor albus noun: leukorrhea
- fluor spar noun: Alternative form of fluorspar.
- fluora- prefix: Indicating a heterocyclic compound with fluorine substitution.
- fluoral noun: The compound trifluoroacetaldehyde, CF₃-CHO
- fluoralkyl noun: Alternative form of fluoroalkyl.
- fluoran noun: A triarylmethane dye, the structural core of a variety of other dyes.
- fluorane noun: Fluorine hydride or hydrogen fluoride, HF.
- fluorangiographic adjective: Relating to fluorangiography
- fluorangiography noun: fluorescent angiography
- fluorannite noun: A fluorine analog of annite
- fluoranthene noun: A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of a benzene ring attached to each of the rings of a naphthalene molecule; it is carcinogenic, and is a product...
- fluorapatite noun /flʊəˈɹæpətaɪt/: A calcium halophosphate mineral, in which fluoride replaces the hydroxide of apatite, that is mined as a phosphate ore, and occurs in the enamel of teeth.
- fluorapophyllite noun: A particular apophyllite mineral with more fluorine than hydroxide compared to similar minerals.
- fluorate noun /ˈflʊ(ə)ɹeɪt/: The oxyanion of fluorine FO₃⁻; any salt containing this ion.
- fluorated adjective: Combined with fluorine; subjected to the action of fluoride.
- fluorcaphite noun: A hexagonal-pyramidal mineral containing calcium, cerium, fluorine, oxygen, phosphorus, sodium, and strontium.
- fluorellestadite noun: A rare nesosilicate of calcium, with sulfate and fluorine, belonging to the apatite group.
- fluorenamine noun: Any amine containing fluorine and one or more NH₂ groups derived from fluorine-1-carboxylic acid or fluorine-2-carboxylic acid.
- fluorene noun: A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of two benzene rings joined together directly, and also via a methylene bridge; it is used in light-emitting...
- fluorenol noun: An alcohol derivative of fluorene.
- fluorenone noun: An aromatic compound with the chemical formula C₁₃H₈O, produced from fluorene via oxidation and used in the manufacture of antimalaria drugs.
- fluorenyl noun: A radical or cation derived from fluorene
- fluorenylidene noun: The divalent radical derived from the bridging methylene group of fluorene
- fluorephore noun: Alternative form of fluorophore.
- fluorescamine noun: A spiro compound that reacts with primary amines to form highly fluorescent products.
- fluoresce verb /fləˈɹɛs/: To emit electromagnetic radiation, especially visible light, when absorbing radiation of some other wavelength.
- fluorescein noun: Any of a class of yellow xanthene dyes which are visible when highly diluted; used forensically to detect traces of blood, and in analytical chemistry as an...
- fluoresceinated adjective: Reacted with fluorescein
- fluoresceine noun: Alternative spelling of fluorescein.
- fluorescence noun /flʊˈɹɛsəns/: The emission of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) by a material when stimulated by the absorption of radiation or of a subatomic particle.
- fluorescence anisotropy noun: anisotropy or polarization of the light emitted by a fluorophore
- fluorescence microscope noun: A microscope that uses fluorescence to form an image
- fluorescence microscopy noun: microscopy using a fluorescence microscope
- fluorescence spectroscopy noun: An analytical technique that analyzes the fluorescence produced by a sample; fluorometry or spectrofluorimetry.
- fluorescent adjective, noun /ˌflʊəˈɹɛsənt/: Of or relating to fluorescence.
- fluorescent lamp noun: A gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light, especially one consisting of a tube filled with mercury vapour which emits ultraviolet...
- fluorescent tube noun: The removable, light-emitting part of a fluorescent lamp.
- fluorescently adverb /floʊɹˈɛsəntli/: In a fluorescent manner; using fluorescence.
- fluorescer noun: A fluorescent substance used for whitening.
- fluorescigenic adjective: Causing fluorescence.
- fluorescin noun: A colourless amorphous substance produced by the reduction of fluorescein, and from which the latter may be formed by oxidation.
- fluorescyl noun: A univalent radical derived from fluorescein
- fluorestradiol noun: Any of several fluoro derivatives of estradiol that have biological activity. Such compounds having isotopically-labelled fluorine atoms are used in medical...
- fluorgenic adjective: Alternative form of fluorogenic.
- fluorhydric adjective: Alternative form of fluohydric.
- fluorhydroxyapatite noun: The tooth mineral formed by the action of fluoride on hydroxyapatite
- fluorian adjective: containing fluorine
- fluoric adjective: Pertaining to, obtained from or containing fluorine.
- fluoric acid noun: An oxyacid of fluorine, HFO₃, said to be known only in laboratory environments and not to exist in nature.
- fluoridate verb: To add fluoride to something, especially to drinking water in order to reduce tooth decay.
- fluoridated adjective, verb: Treated with fluoride.
- fluoridation noun: The act or process of adding fluoride to something, especially water.
- fluoridationist noun: One who supports the addition of fluoride to the public water supply.
- fluoridator noun: One who, or that which, fluoridates.
- fluoride noun /ˈflʊəˌɹaɪd/: A binary compound of fluorine and another element or radical.
- fluoride stare noun: A blank-faced, glazed stare given by common or everyday people when exposed to the beliefs or theories of conspiracy theorists.
- fluorided adjective: Treated with fluoride
- fluoridelike adjective: Resembling or characteristic of fluoride.
- fluoridise verb: Alternative form of fluoridize.
- fluoridization noun: Synonym of fluoridation.
- fluoridize verb: To fluoridate.
- fluoridized adjective, verb: Treated with fluoride.
- fluoridone noun: An aquatic herbicide.
- fluoridosis noun: fluorosis
- fluorigenic adjective: Alternative form of fluorogenic.
- fluorimaging noun: imaging using fluorescence / fluoroscopy
- fluorimeter noun: Alternative form of fluorometer.
- fluorimetric adjective: Alternative form of fluorometric.
- fluorimetrically adverb: By means of fluorimetry
- fluorimetry noun: fluorescence spectroscopy
- fluorinase noun: An enzyme that catalyses a fluorination reaction
- fluorinate verb: To introduce fluorine into a compound.
- fluorinated adjective, verb: Treated or reacted with fluorine or hydrofluoric acid.
- fluorination noun: The introduction of fluorine into a compound by means of a chemical reaction.
- fluorinator noun: Something that causes fluorine to be added
- fluorine noun /ˈflʊ(ə)ɹˌin: The chemical element (symbol F) with an atomic number of 9. It is the lightest of the halogens, a pale yellow-green, highly reactive gas that attacks all...
- fluorine-18 noun: An artificial radioisotope of fluorine, 189F, having 9 protons and 9 neutrons, that is an important industrial source of positrons
- fluorine-19 noun: The only stable isotope of fluorine, 199F; it has nine protons and ten neutrons
- fluorine absorption dating noun: a technique used to date bones by measuring the amount of fluorine absorbed from the surrounding soil
- fluorine dating noun: A technique used to date bones by measuring the amount of fluorine absorbed from the surrounding soil.
- fluorine method noun: fluorine dating
- fluorine oxide noun: oxygen fluoride
- fluorine test noun: fluorine dating
- fluorinelike adjective: Resembling or characteristic of fluorine.
- fluorinous adjective /ˈfloɹɪnəs/: Containing or involving fluorine.
- fluorite noun /ˈflʊɚˌaɪt/: A widely occurring mineral comprising calcium fluoride plus or minus impurities, of various colours, used as a flux in steelmaking, and in the manufacture...
- fluoritization noun: Conversion into fluorite.
- fluoritized adjective: In a state of fluoritization; having been turned to fluorite.
- fluormeter noun: Alternative form of fluorometer.
- fluornatromicrolite noun: An isometric-hexoctahedral green mineral containing bismuth, calcium, fluorine, oxygen, sodium, and tantalum.
- fluoro adjective, noun, prefix: containing fluorine
- fluoro acid air noun: silicon tetrafluoride
- fluoro-magnesio-hastingsite noun: Alternative form of magnesio-fluoro-hastingsite.
- fluoro-magnesiohastingsite noun: Alternative form of magnesio-fluoro-hastingsite.
- fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite noun: Synonym of ferro-fluoro-pedrizite.
- fluoroacetamide noun: An organic compound based on acetamide with one fluorine atom replacing hydrogen on the methyl group, used as a rodenticide.
- fluoroacetate noun: Any salt of fluoroacetic acid.
- fluoroacetylsalicylic adjective: Related to fluoroacetylsalicylic acid or its derivatives
- fluoroadenosine noun: Any fluoro derivative of adenosine
- fluoroalcohol noun: Any aliphatic alcohol in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine
- fluoroalkane noun: Any alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine
- fluoroalkene noun: Any fluoro-derivative of an alkene
- fluoroalkyl noun /flɔɹoʊˈælkɪl/: An alkyl group in which one or more hydrogens have been substituted for fluorine.
- fluoroalkylamine noun: Any fluoro derivative of an alkylamine
- fluoroalkylation noun: Any reaction in which a fluoroalkyl group is added to a molecule
- fluoroaluminate noun: Any compound that contains both fluoride and aluminate ions
- fluoroanion noun: An anion containing fluorine atoms
- fluoroantimonate noun: A salt or ester of fluoroantimonic acid.
- fluoroantimonic adjective: Containing fluorine and antimony.
- fluoroantimonic acid noun: An ionic liquid created by reacting hydrogen fluoride with antimony pentafluoride in stoichiometrically equivalent amounts.
- fluoroapatite noun: Alternative form of fluorapatite.
- fluoroarene noun: Any fluoro derivative of an arene
- fluoroaromatic adjective, noun: Describing any fluoro derivative of an aromatic compound
- fluoroarsenate noun: Any derivative of an arsenate in which one or more oxygen atoms have been replace by fluorine
- fluoroartemisinin noun: Any fluoro derivative of artemisinin, some of which show antibacterial activity
- fluoroaryl noun: Any fluoro derivative of an aryl radical
- fluorobenzene noun: Any fluorinated derivative of benzene, but especially the mono-substituted C₆H₅F (phenyl fluoride)
- fluorobenzoate noun: Any fluoro derivative of a benzoate
- fluorobenzoyl noun: Any fluoro derivative of a benzoyl radical
- fluorobenzoylate verb: To react with a fluorobenzoyl radical
- fluorobenzyl noun: Any fluoro derivative of a benzyl radical
- fluoroberyllate noun: Any anion derived from beryllate by replacing an oxygen atom with two of fluorine, but especially the anion BF₄²⁻; any salt containing such an anion
- fluorobody noun: An antibody that has been made fluorescent, typically with green fluorescent protein
- fluoroborate noun: A salt or ester of fluoroboric acid.
- fluoroboric adjective: Of or pertaining to fluoroboric acid
- fluoroboric acid noun: The acid HBF₄ that is used as a catalyst in organic chemistry
- fluoroboroaluminosilicate noun: Any mixed fluoride, boride and aluminosilicate
- fluorocannilloite noun: A monoclinic-prismatic greenish gray mineral containing aluminum, calcium, fluorine, magnesium, oxygen, and silicon.
- fluorocarbon noun: Any derivative of a hydrocarbon in which every hydrogen atom has been replaced by fluorine.
- fluorocarbonate noun: A substance containing both fluoride and carbonate ions.
- fluorocarbonyl noun: A chemical functional group containing fluorine and oxygen atoms bonded to one carbon atom. (FOC-)
- fluorochalcone noun: Any fluoro derivative of chalcone
- fluorochemical noun: Any chemical compound (especially an organic compound) containing fluorine
- fluorochemically adverb: By the use of fluorochemicals
- fluorochinolone noun: Alternative form of fluoroquinolone.
- fluorochloride noun: Any mixed fluoride and chloride
- fluorochlorohydrocarbon noun: Any compound formally derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing some hydrogen atoms with fluorine and some with chlorine, (More commonly known as...
- fluorochlorosilane noun: A silane substituted with both chlorine and fluorine.
- fluorochromate noun: The oxyanion CrO₃F⁻ or any salt containing this anion
- fluorochromatic adjective: Relating to fluorochrome
- fluorochrome noun: Any of various fluorescent dyes used to stain biological material before microscopic examination
- fluorochromed adjective: Treated with fluorochrome
- fluorochromic adjective: Relating to a fluorochrome
- fluorocitrate noun: A fluoro- derivative of citrate that is a metabolite of fluoroacetate and is responsible for fluoroacetate poisoning
- fluorocode noun: DNA sequence code visualised by means of fluorescent probes
- fluorocoumarin noun: Any fluoro derivative of a coumarin
- fluorocytometer noun: A cytometer used in fluorocytometry
- fluorocytometric adjective: Relating to fluorocytometry
- fluorocytometry noun: fluorescence cytometry
- fluorocytosine noun: A cytosine wherein at least one hydrogen has been replaced by a fluorine atom
- fluorodenitration noun: Any reaction that replaces a nitro group with a fluorine atom
- fluorodeoxyglucose noun: A fluorine analog of glucose that is used in positron emission tomography
- fluorodeoxyuridine noun: A fluorinated derivative of deoxyuridine
- fluoroderivative noun: A derivative compound obtained by reaction with fluorine.
- fluorodesulfurization noun: Any reaction that replaces a sulfur atom or group with a fluorine atom
- fluorodetector noun: A fluorescence detector
- fluorodifen noun: A particular herbicide.
- fluorodisaccharide noun: Any fluoro derivative of a disaccharide
- fluorodish noun: A form of Petri dish designed to be used with a microscope
- fluorodopa noun: A fluorinated form of L-DOPA primarily synthesized as its fluorine-18 isotopologue for use as a radiotracer in positron emission tomography.
- fluoroelastomer noun: Any of a range of partially fluorinated polymers or copolymers that are chemically and thermally stable elastomers.
- fluoroemerald noun: A form of dextran impregnated with fluorescein
- fluoroenzyme noun: A fluorescence enzyme used in any of various diagnostic tests
- fluoroestradiol noun: A radioactive diagnostic agent, an analog of estrogen used to detect estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer lesions.
- fluoroethane noun: Any fluoro derivative of ethane, but especially 1-fluoroethane
- fluoroethoxymethyl noun: Any fluoro derivative of an ethoxymethyl radical
- fluoroethyl noun: Any fluoro derivative of an ethyl radical.
- fluoroethylene noun: vinyl fluoride
- fluorofamide noun: The fluoro derivative of benzamide N-(diaminophosphinyl)-4-fluorobenzenamide
- fluorofenidone noun: The fluoro derivative of pyridone 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl– 2(1H)pyridone that is an anti-inflammatory agent
- fluorofibre noun: Any of a range of fibres made from polymers such as PTFE
- fluoroform noun: The haloform CHF₃ that is the fluorine analogue of chloroform
- fluoroformol noun: An aqueous solution of fluoroform gas, formerly used to treat tuberculosis, whooping cough, etc.
- fluorogainalog noun: The ibogalog 9-fluoro-3-methyl-2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-azepino[4,5-b]indole.
- fluorogen noun: A non-fluorescent small compound which become fluorescent only when complexed to a fluorogen-activating protein.
- fluorogenic adjective: That generates fluorescence
- fluorogenicity noun: The condition of being fluorogenic
- fluoroglucose noun: Synonym of fluorodeoxyglucose.
- fluoroglutamate noun: Any fluoro derivative of a glutamate ion or salt
- fluorogold noun: hydroxystilbamidine
Part 47 · Part 49 · English words: F
Source: English Wiktionary, dump of September 2, 2026 (CC BY-SA 4.0): each word's first meaning. A word with a page of its own links to it; for the rest, this line is PlainSpell's entry. Total under F: 25,498 words, in 85 parts.