rough

Spelling & Dictionary Insight

The English entry for rough is 5 letters long, classified as anadj, and transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet as /ɹʌf/. Corpus data places it at rank #3,083 in overall English word frequency, indicating it appears regularly in written and spoken text.Wiktionary records 14 distinct senses for this headword, so context determines which meaning a reader should apply.

Our Hunspell-derived misspelling index lists 7 documented wrong-spelling variants for rough, with forms such as "orugh", "roguh", and "rouggh". Each variant represents a distinct typo pattern that appears often enough in corpora to be worth flagging, typically a doubled-consonant error, a silent-letter drop, or a vowel substitution.It also participates in 17 confusable-pair relationships, "rug", "rush", "ruth", and more, where similar look or sound leads writers to substitute one word for another in context.

Etymologically, the entry records: From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough… Root origin matters for spelling because borrowed morphemes (Greek, Latin, Old French, Old English) carry their source-language orthographic conventions into modern English, which is why historical etymology is often the cleanest predictor of whether a cluster like "-ough", "-eau", or "-tion" will appear. For readers arriving here from a spelling check, the authoritative guidance is: the correct English form is rough, spelled R-O-U-G-H, and any other sequence of those letters, regardless of how natural it feels, is a misspelling in standard orthography.